p. 233: I use here mainly Meng Ssu-liang, but also others, such as Chue Ch'ing-yuean and Li Chien-nung.--The early political developments are described by H. D. Martin, _The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China_, Baltimore 1950.

p. 236: I am alluding here to such Taoist sects as the Cheng-i-chiao (Sun K'o-k'uan and especially the study in _Kita Aziya gakuho_, vol. 2).

pp. 236-7: For taxation and all other economic questions I have relied upon Wan Kuo-ting and especially upon H. Franke. The first part of the main economic text is translated and annotated by H. F. Schurmann, _Economic Structure of the Yuean Dynasty_, Cambridge, Mass., 1956.

p. 237: On migrations see T. Makino and others.--For the system of communications during the Mongol time and the privileges of merchants, I used P. Olbricht.

p. 238: For the popular rebellions of this time, I used a study in the _Bull. Acad. Sinica_, vol. 10, 1948, but also Meng Ssu-liang and others.

p. 239: On the White Lotos Society (Pai-lien-hui) see note to previous page and an article by Hagiwara Jumpei.

p. 240: H. Serruys, _The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period_, Bruges 1959, has studied in this book and in an article the fate of isolated Mongol groups in China after the breakdown of the dynasty.

pp. 241-2: The travel report of Ch'ang-ch'un has been translated by A. Waley, _The Travels of an Alchemist_, London 1931.

p. 242: _Hsi-hsiang-chi_ has been translated by S. I. Hsiung. _The Romance of the Western Chamber_, London 1935. All important analytic literature on drama and theatre is written by Chinese and Japanese authors, especially by Yoshikawa Kojiro.--For Bon and early Lamaism, I used H. Hoffmann.

p. 243: Lamaism in Mongolia disappeared later, however, and was re-introduced in the reformed form (Tsong-kha-pa, 1358-1419) in the sixteenth century. See R. J. Miller, _Monasteries and Culture Change in Inner Mongolia_, Wiesbaden 1959.

p. 245: Much more research is necessary to clarify Japanese-Chinese relations in this period, especially to determine the size of trade. Good material is in the article by S. Iwao. Important is also S. Sakuma and an article in _Li-shih yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3. For the loss of coins, I relied upon D. Brown.

p. 246: The necessity of transports of grain and salt was one of the reasons for the emergence of the Hsin-an and Hui-chou merchants. The importance of these developments is only partially known (studies mainly by H. Fujii and in _Li-shih-yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3). Data are also in an unpublished thesis by Ch. Mac Sherry, _The Impairment of the Ming Tributary System_, and in an article by Wang Ch'ung-wu.

p. 247: The tax system of the Ming has been studied among others by Liang Fang-chung. Yoshiyuki Suto analysed the methods of tax evasion in the periods before the reform. For the land grants, I used Wan Kuo-ting's data.

p. 248: Based mainly upon my own research. On the progress of agriculture wrote Li Chien-nung and also Kato Shigeru and others.

p. 250: I believe that further research would discover that the "agrarian revolution" was a key factor in the economic and social development of China. It probably led to another change in dietary habits; it certainly led to a greater labour input per person, i.e. a higher number of full working days per year than before. It may be--but only further research can try to show this--that the "agrarian revolution" turned China away from technology and industry.--On cotton and its importance see the studies by M. Amano, and some preliminary remarks by P. Pelliot.

p. 250-1: Detailed study of Central Chinese urban centres in this time is a great desideratum. My remarks here have to be taken as very preliminary. Notice the special character of the industries mentioned!--The porcelain centre of Ching-te-chen was inhabited by workers and merchants (70-80 per cent of population); there were more than 200 private kilns.--On indented labour see Li Chien-nung, H. Iwami and Y. Yamane.

p. 253: On _pien-wen_ I used R. Michihata, and for this general discussion R. Irvin, _The Evolution of a Chinese Novel_, Cambridge, Mass., 1953, and studies by J. Jaworski and J. Prusek. Many texts of _pien-wen_ and related styles have been found in Tunhuang and have been recently republished by Chinese scholars.

p. 254: _Shui-hu-chuan_ has been translated by Pearl Buck, _All Men are Brothers_. Parts of _Hsi-yu-chi_ have been translated by A. Waley, _Monkey_, London 1946. _San-kuo yen-i_ is translated by C. H. Brewitt-Taylor, _San Kuo, or Romance of the Three Kingdoms_, Shanghai 1925 (a new edition just published). A purged translation of Chin-p'ing-mei is published by Fr. Kuhn _Chin P'ing Mei_, New York 1940.

p. 255: Even the "murder story" was already known in Ming time. An example is R. H. van Gulik, _Dee Gong An. Three Murder Cases solved by Judge Dee_, Tokyo 1949.

p. 256: For a special group of block-prints see R. H. van Gulik, _Erotic Colour Prints of the Ming Dynasty_, Tokyo 1951. This book is also an excellent introduction into Chinese psychology.

p. 257: Here I use work done by David Chan.

p. 258: I use here the research of J. J. L. Duyvendak; the reasons for the end of such enterprises, as given here, may not exhaust the problem. It may not be without relevance that Cheng came from a Muslim family. His father was a pilgrim (_Bull. Chin. Studies_, vol. 3, pp. 131-70). Further research is desirable.--Concerning folk-tales, I use my own research. The main Buddhist tales are the _Jataka_ stories. They are still used by Burmese Buddhists in the same context.

p. 260: The Oirat (Uyrat, Ojrot, Oeloet) were a confederation of four tribal groups: Khosud, Dzungar, Doerbet and Turgut.

p. 261: I regard this analysis of Ming political history as unsatisfactory, but to my knowledge no large-scale analysis has been made.--For Wang Yang-ming I use mainly my own research.

p. 262: For the coastal salt-merchants I used Lo Hsiang-lin's work.

p. 263: On the rifles I used P. Pelliot. There is a large literature on the use of explosives and the invention of cannons, especially L. C. Goodrich and Feng Chia-sheng in _Isis_, vol. 36, 1946 and 39, 1948; also G. Sarton, Li Ch'iao-p'ing, J. Prusek, J. Needham, and M. Ishida; a comparative, general study is by K. Huuri, _Studia Orientalia_ vol. 9, 1941.--For the earliest contacts of Wang with Portuguese, I used Chang Wei-hua's monograph.--While there is no satisfactory, comprehensive study in English on Wang, for Lu Hsiang-shan the book by Huang Siu-ch'i, _Lu Hsiang-shan, a Twelfth-century Chinese Idealist Philosopher_, New Haven 1944, can be used.

p. 264: For Tao-yen, I used work done by David Chan.--Large parts of the _Yung-lo ta-tien_ are now lost (Kuo Po-kung, Yuean T'ung-li studied this problem).

p. 265: Yen-ta's Mongol name is Altan Qan (died 1582), leader of the Tuemet. He is also responsible for the re-introduction of Lamaism into Mongolia (1574).--For the border trade I used Hou Jen-chih; for the Shansi bankers Ch'en Ch'i-t'ien and P. Maybon. For the beginnings of the Manchu see Fr. Michael, _The Origins of Manchu Rule in China_, Baltimore 1942.

p. 266: M. Ricci's diary (Matthew Ricci, _China in the Sixteenth Century_, The Journals of M. Ricci, transl. by L. J. Gallagher, New York 1953) gives much insight into the life of Chinese officials in this period. Recently, J. Needham has tried to show that Ricci and his followers did not bring much which was not already known in China, but that they actually attempted to prevent the Chinese from learning about the Copernican theory.

p. 267: For Coxinga I used M. Eder's study.--The Szechwan rebellion was led by Chang Hsien-chung (1606-1647); I used work done by James B. Parsons. Cheng T'ien-t'ing, Sun Yueh and others have recently published the important documents concerning all late Ming peasant rebellions.--For the Tung-lin academy see Ch. O. Hucker in J. K. Fairbank, _Chinese Thought and Institutions_, Chicago 1957. A different interpretation is indicated by Shang Yueeh in _Li-shih yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3.

p. 268: Work on the "academies" (shu-yuean) in the earlier time is done by Ho Yu-shen.

p. 273-4: Based upon my own, as yet unfinished research.

p. 274: The population of 1953 as given here, includes Chinese outside of mainland China. The population of mainland China was 582.6 millions. If the rate of increase of about 2 per cent per year has remained the same, the population of mainland China in 1960 may be close to 680 million. In general see P. T. Ho. _Studies on the Population of China, 1368-1953_, Cambridge, Mass., 1960.

p. 276: Based upon my own research.--A different view of the development of Chinese industry is found in Norman Jacobs, _Modern Capitalism and Eastern Asia_, Hong Kong 1958. Jacobs attempted a comparison of China with Japan and with Europe. Different again is Marion Levy and Shih Kuo-heng, _The Rise of the Modern Chinese Business Class_, New York 1949. Both books are influenced by the sociological theories of T. Parsons.

p. 277: The Dzungars (Dsunghar; Chun-ko-erh) are one of the four Oeloet (Oirat) groups. I am here using studies by E. Haenisch and W. Fuchs.

p. 278: Tibetan-Chinese relations have been studied by L. Petech, _China and Tibet in the Early 18th Century_, Leiden 1950. A collection of data is found in M. W. Fisher and L. E. Rose, _England, India, Nepal, Tibet, China, 1765-1958_, Berkeley 1959. For diplomatic relations and tributary systems of this period, I referred to J. K. Fairbank and Teng Ssu-yue.

p. 279: For Ku Yen-wu, I used the work by H. Wilhelm.--A man who deserves special mention in this period is the scholar Huang Tsung-hsi (1610-1695) as the first Chinese who discussed the possibility of a non-monarchic form of government in his treatise of 1662. For him see Lin Mou-sheng, _Men and Ideas_, New York 1942, and especially W. T. de Bary in J. K. Fairbank, _Chinese Thought and Institutions_, Chicago 1957.

p. 280-1: On Liang see now J. R. Levenson, _Liang Ch'i-ch'ao and the Mind of Modern China_, London 1959.

p. 282: It should also be pointed out that the Yung-cheng emperor was personally more inclined towards Lamaism.--The Kalmuks are largely identical with the above-mentioned Oeloet.

p. 286: The existence of _hong_ is known since 1686, see P'eng Tse-i and Wang Chu-an's recent studies. For details on foreign trade see H. B. Morse, _The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China 1635-1834_, Oxford 1926, 4 vols., and J. K. Fairbank, _Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast. The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854_, Cambridge, Mass., 1953, 2 vols.--For Lin I used G. W. Overdijkink's study.

p. 287: On customs read St. F. Wright, _Hart and the Chinese Customs_, Belfast 1950.

p. 288: For early industry see A. Feuerwerker, _China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844-1916)_, Cambridge, Mass., 1958.

p. 289: The Chinese source materials for the Mohammedan revolts have recently been published, but an analysis of the importance of the revolts still remains to be done.--On T'ai-p'ing much has been published, especially in the last years in China, so that all documents are now available. I used among other studies, details brought out by Lo Hsiang-lin and Jen Yu-wen.

p. 291: For Tseng Kuo-fan see W. J. Hail, _Tseng Kuo-fan and the T'ai-p'ing Rebellion_, Hew Haven 1927, but new research on him is about to be published.--The Nien-fei had some connection with the White Lotos, and were known since 1814, see Chiang Siang-tseh, _The Nien Rebellion_, Seattle 1954.

p. 292: Little is known about Salars, Dungans and Yakub Beg's rebellion, mainly because relevant Turkish sources have not yet been studied. On Salars see L. Schram, _The Monguors of Kansu_, Philadelphia 1954, p. 23 and P. Pelliot; on Dungans see I. Grebe.

p. 293: On Tso Tsung-t'ang see G. Ch'en, _Tso Tung T'ang, Pioneer Promotor of the Modern Dockyard and Woollen Mill in China_, Peking 1938, and _Yenching Journal of Soc. Studies_, vol. 1.

p. 294: For the T'ung-chih period, see now Mary C. Wright, _The Last Stand of Chinese Conservativism. The T'ung-chih Restoration, 1862-1874_, Stanford 1957.

p. 295: Ryukyu is Chinese: Liu-ch'iu; Okinawa is one of the islands of this group.--Formosa is Chinese: T'ai-wan (Taiwan). Korea is Chinese: Chao-hsien, Japanese: Chosen.

p. 297: M. C. Wright has shown the advisers around the ruler before the Empress Dowager realized the severity of the situation.--Much research is under way to study the beginning of industrialization of Japan, and my opinions have changed greatly, due to the research done by Japanese scholars and such Western scholars as H. Rosovsky and Th. Smith. The eminent role of the lower aristocracy has been established. Similar research for China has not even seriously started. My remarks are entirely preliminary.

p. 298: For K'ang Yo-wei, I use work done by O. Franke and others. See M. E. Cameron, _The Reform Movement in China, 1898-1921_, Stanford 1921. The best bibliography for this period is J. K. Fairbank and Liu Kwang-ching, _Modern China: A Bibliographical Guide to Chinese Works, 1898-1937_, Cambridge, Mass., 1950. The political history of the time, as seen by a Chinese scholar, is found in Li Chien-nung, _The Political History of China 1840-1928_, Princeton 1956.--For the social history of this period see Chang Chung-li, _The Chinese Gentry_, Seattle 1955.--For the history of Tzu Hsi Bland-Backhouse, _China under the Empress Dowager_, Peking 1939 (Third ed.) is antiquated, but still used For some of K'ang Yo-wei's ideas, see now K'ang Yo-wei: _Ta T'ung Shu. The One World Philosophy of K'ang Yu Wei_, London 1957.