p. 305: I rely here partly upon W. Franke's recent studies. For Sun Yat-sen (Sun I-hsien; also called Sun Chung-shan) see P. Linebarger, _Sun Yat-sen and the Chinese Republic_, Cambridge, Mass., 1925 and his later _The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen_, Baltimore 1937.--Independently, Atatuerk in Turkey developed a similar theory of the growth of democracy.

p. 306: On student activities see Kiang Wen-han, _The Ideological Background of the Chinese Student Movement_, New York 1948.

p. 307: On Hu Shih see his own _The Chinese Renaissance_, Chicago 1934 and J. de Francis, _Nationalism and Language Reform in China_, Princeton 1950.

p. 310: The declaration of Independence of Mongolia had its basis in the early treaty of the Mongols with the Manchus (1636): "In case the Tai Ch'ing Dynasty falls, you will exist according to previous basic laws" (R. J. Miller, _Monasteries and Culture Change in Inner Mongolia_, Wiesbaden 1959, p. 4).

p. 315: For the military activities see F. F. Liu, _A Military History of Modern China, 1924-1949_, Princeton 1956. A marxist analysis of the 1927 events is Manabendra Nath Roy, _Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China_, Calcutta 1946; the relevant documents are translated in C. Brandt, B. Schwartz, J. K. Fairbank, _A Documentary History of Chinese Communism_, Cambridge, Mass., 1952.